Glossary

Actinium is dangerously radioactive. The chemical behaviour of actinium is similar to that of the rare earths, particularly lanthanum. It is found naturally in uranium ores and actinium is 150 times more radioactive than radium.

The oil discovery in Alaska  during the 1960’s was one of the major changes in the history of Alaska and also changed the political landscape of the place completely so far from being just a deserted landscape inhabited by Paleolithic people in different settlements along the coastline.

Here is a brief description of aluminium.

Here is a brief description of americium.

Here is a brief description of antimony.

Here is a brief description of argon.

Here is a brief description of arsenic.

Here is a brief description of astatine.

Barium is a metallic element, soft, and when pure is silvery white like lead. The metal oxidises very easily and it reacts with water or alcohol. Barium is one of the alkaline-earth metals. Small amounts of barium compounds are used in paints and glasses.

Barium salts impart green colours to flames

Here is a brief description of berkelium.

Beryllium is available in several forms including foil, lump, and powder. Small and large samples of beryllium foil can be purchased from Advent Research Materials via their web catalogue.

Beryllium is a Group 2 (IIA) element. At ordinary temperatures, beryllium resists oxidation in air. Its ability to scratch glass is probably due to the formation of a thin layer of the oxide. Aquamarine and emerald are precious forms of the mineral beryl, [Be3Al2(SiO3)6].

The Big Oil crisis began in the month of October in 1973, when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC, consisting of the Arab members of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria) announced, that they would no longer ship petroleum to nations that had supported Israel in its conflict with Syria and Egypt especially with the ongoing Yom Kippur War. The members also happened to agree to use their leverage over the world price settings mechanism for the Big Oil in order to raise world oil prices.

Here is a brief description of bohrium.

Here is a brief description of boron.

• Standard state: solid at 298 K
• Colour: black
• Classification: Semi-metallic
• Availability:

Boron is a Group 13 element. Boron has properties which are borderline between metals and non-metals. It is a semiconductor rather than a metallic conductor. Chemically it is closer to silicon than to aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium.

Here is a brief description of bromine.

Here is a brief description of cadmium.

Caesium (Caesium is known as cesium in the USA)

The metal is characterised by a spectrum containing two bright lines in the blue (accounting for its name). It is silvery gold, soft, and ductile. It is the most electropositive and most alkaline element. Caesium, gallium, and mercury are the only three metals that are liquid at or around room temperature. Caesium reacts explosively with cold water, and reacts with ice at temperatures above -116°C. Caesium hydroxide is a strong base and attacks glass.

Calcium is a metallic element, fifth in abundance in the earth's crust, of which it forms more than 3%. It is an essential constituent of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells.

The metal is a silvery colour and is rather hard. Chemically it is one of the alkaline earth elements; it readily forms a white coating of nitride in air, reacts with water, burns with a yellow-red flame, forming largely the nitride.

Calcium does not occur free in nature. Calcium is found mostly as limestone, gypsum and fluorite. Stalagmites and stalactites contain calcium carbonate.

Here is a brief description of californium.

Canadian oil industry or Canadian oil patch has now become a major source of the state’s income. As per the 2005 statistics almost twenty five thousand oil wells are being drilled in Canada and near hundred new petroleum wells are spud in Alberta. Canadian petroleum industry is fast developing at par with the petroleum industry of America.

Here is a brief description of carbon.

Metallic cerium is prepared by reduction techniques, such as by reducing cerous fluoride with calcium, or by electrolysis of molten cerous chloride or other cerous halides.

Cerium is an iron-grey lustrous metal. It is malleable, and oxidises very readily at room temperature, especially in moist air. Except for europium, cerium is the most reactive of the rare-earth metals. It slowly decomposes in cold water, and rapidly in hot water. Alkali solutions and dilute and concentrated acids attack the metal rapidly. The pure metal may ignite when scratched with a knife.

The recovery of crude oil from the oil reservoir involves three steps of recovery.  They are known as primary, secondary and tertiary recovery methods. The conventional oil recovery methods involved only the first two steps.  Through these steps only forty percent of the oil reserve could be recovered.

Chemical injection is one of the three methods employed for enhanced oil recovery. Enhanced oil recovery constitutes for about forty to sixty percent of oil recovery from an oil reservoir. The other two methods of enhanced oil recovery are thermal injection and gas injection methods. Out of the three methods of enhanced oil recovery mentioned above, chemical injection method is the most expensive and the least utilized method of oil recovery.

Compared to the conventional injection pumps used in oil fields the new generation chemical injection pumps are more durable and user-friendly. These pumps are very useful to move fluids in different ways by the oil companies while drilling process is going on. Chemical injection pumps are presently available in three different types as centrifugal, metering and positive displacement.